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Gangster rap, or hardcore rap, is generally considered a sub genre of the larger category of rap music, which itself is a subcategory of hip-hop. Gangster rap is differentiable from other rap music in that it makes use of images of urban life associated with crime (Haugen, 2). According to the Encyclopedia Britannica definition of gangster rap, the top four images associated with the genre are violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. Gangster Rappers as Defining the Hip-Hop Social Group As the hip-hop movement has gained recognition throughout the United States, it has established itself as one of the fastest growing social groups anywhere. In the late 1990s immediately following the murders of both Tupac Shakur and Christopher Wallace, two nationally known gangster rappers, a propaganda campaign escalated against rap music and the hip-hop culture (Slaughter). Although gangster rap only represented a small percentage of the hip-hop culture at the time, all hip-hop and rap music was instantly stereotyped negatively as being “gangter-like”. Why? Well, this gangster version of hip-hop was the highest selling and most recognized form of hip-hop music among the majority class. And many critics have determined that this is because America is in love with sex, drugs and violence (Whaley). Hip-Hop’s Rejection of Inferior Social Group Status Henri Tajfel, a social psychologist who developed a theory of inter-group relations and social change, argues that members of a social group deemed inferior by a majority class can either accept or reject their inferior position in society. If a group refuses to accept its inferior position in society as just, it will attempt as a group to change things (Coates, 8-9). A large number of hip-hop artists have used their musical lyrics to reject the inferior social status placed upon them by the majority class. The Reconstruction of the Gangster Identity I have found that hip-hop artists use lyrics, both musical and poetic, to redefine the negatives characteristics given to their culture by the majority class, and in the process, reconstruct the gangster identity. By examining these hip-hop and gangster rap lyrics as text, I will show ways in which the lyrics attempt to reconstruct the stereotyped gangster rap identity by examining different views of violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. In the end, one tends to wonder: Who exactly are the real gangsters? Violence That the hip-hop culture represents gangster-like violence is perhaps the biggest disputed claim amongst hip-hop artists. In order to disprove this claim, many hip-hop artists have pointed to the violence that exists within the majority social group, and how it leads to violence all over the world. In “Violence”, 2 Pac demonstrates his belief that violence was prevalent long before gangster rap existed: I told em fight back, attack on society If this is violence, then violent's what I gotta be If you investigate you'll find out where it's comin’ from Look through our history, America's the violent one Here, the poet points to American society as “the violent one” and that he has to be violent in order to “fight back.” In “Who Knew”, Eminem showed a similar viewpoint by expressing his belief that violence is a common occurrence in American society, yet not challenged in genres outside of the urban environment: So who's bringin’ the guns in this country? I couldn't sneak a plastic pellet gun through customs over in London And last week, I seen a Schwarzaneggar movie Where he's shootin’ all sorts of these bad guys with an Uzi Here, the poet questions the existence of violence in a country that allows firearms and violent movies. In “Casualties of War”, Rakim blames the United States government, specifically its Head of State, as the group causing the violence in society with their war-like ways: I'ma get back to New York in one piece But I'm bent in the sand that is hot as the city streets Sky lights up like fireworks blind me Bullets, whistlin’ over my head remind me... President Bush said attack Flashback to Nam, I might not make it back In this text, the poet refers to our country’s decision to go to war as an example of the violence that exists amongst the majority social class. In “The Watcher”, Dr. Dre redefines the negative characteristic of violence by pointing to the police force as the source of violence, and therefore, referring to them as “gangster-like”: Things just ain't the same for gangstas Cops is anxious to put people in handcuffs They wanna hang us, see us dead or enslave us Keep us trapped in the same place we raised in Then they wonder why we act so outrageous Run around stressed out and pull out gauges Cause everytime you let the animal out cages It's dangerous, to people who look like strangers Here, the poet accuses the majority class of keeping them “trapped in the same place we raised in” and that the perceived violence is only due to the introduction of “people who look like strangers.” These are examples of how hip-hop artists redefine the image of violence by showing how it exists or was created within the majority social group. Drugs Another common disputed stereotype of hip-hop artists is their use and distribution of illegal drugs. In attempts to redefine this negative characteristic, many hip-hop artists have pointed at the majority social group as the facilitator of drug abuse. In “Justify My Thug”, Jay-Z speaks directly to members of government, raising questions about who has made the availability and use of these drugs possible: Mr. President, there's drugs in our residence Tell me what you want me to do, come break bread with us Mr. Governor, I swear there's a cover up Every other corner there's a liquor store - what is up? In this example, the poet inquires as to why there is a liquor store in “every other corner” of his community. In “I Want to Talk to You”, Nas uses the same approach to challenge the notion of drug distribution by asking his representatives what they would do in his situation: Why y'all made it so hard, damn People gotta go create their own job Mr. Mayo,r imagine if this was your backyard Mr. Governo,r imagine if it was your kids that starved Imagine your kids gotta sling crack to survive Here, the poet claims that the distribution of drugs is not only an effect of the poverty that exists in his environment, but also a means of survival. In “Manifesto”, Talib Kweli actually accuses the government of being the body which allows drugs into the country: Like the C.I.A. be bringin’ in crack cocaine bailin’ out of planes With the George Bush connections, I push Reflection Like I'm sellin’ izm, like a dealer buildin’ the system Supply and the demand it's all capitalism People don't sell crack cause they like to see blacks smoke People sell crack cause they broke In this example, the poet accuses the C.I.A. of flying drugs into the country, and again reiterates the point that it is a means of survival due to the “supply and demand” of a capitalist society. In “Damn It Feels Good to be a Gangster”, the Geto Boys fully redefine the negative characteristic of drug distribution by accusing the President of being a drug dealer, and therefore, a gangster: And now, a word from the President! Damn it feels good to be a gangsta Getting’ voted into the White House Everything lookin’ good to the people of the world But the Mafia family is my boss So every now and then I owe a favor gettin' down Like lettin' a big drug shipment through And send 'em to the poor community So we can bust you know who These examples show how hip-hop artists redefine the image of being drug dealers and users by again pointing to the majority class as the creator of the drug problem in this country. Materialism Hip-hop music is also seen by the majority class as a genre dominated by materialism. Again, artists point back to the majority class in an attempt to redefine this negative characteristic. In “Respiration”, Black Star points to all the wealth surrounding urban areas, and how it absorbs the lower class in materialism, making them want parts of that wealth: Where mercenaries is paid to trade hot stock tips For profits, thirsty criminals take pockets Hard knuckles on the second hands of workin’ class watches Skyscrapers is colossus, the cost of living Is preposterous, stay alive, you play or die, no options Here, the poet talks about various materialistic aspects of the majority class, and how the lower class must “play or die” to “stay alive.” In “All Falls Down”, Kanye West actually blames this materialism on American society: It seems we living the American dream But the people highest up got the lowest self esteem The prettiest people do the ugliest things For the road to riches and diamond rings In this example, the poet blames the “American dream” for materialism, saying it causes people to “do the ugliest things” for “riches and diamond rings.” In “Los Angeles Times”, Xzibit also blames this materialism on the majority class, claiming that is what the youth are taught coming up in urban environments: Welcome to L.A. Where you can see the whole city burning Cause the cops got Uzis and the dealers keep serving And your kids ain't learning it, except this Sex power and wealth, forget everything else Here, the poet expresses his belief that certain aspects of materialism, including “power and wealth” are taught to children through occurrences in society. These are examples how hip-hop artists redefine the negative characteristic of being materialistic by showing examples of how this materialism is prevalent in the majority class, and often created within that class. Sex And the final debated stereotype of the hip-hop social class is that they are sexually promiscuous, often leading to disrespectful treatment towards women. The poets also attempt to redefine this stereotype by blaming the core of the problem on society. In “Pussy Galore”, the Roots claim that the country’s obsession with sex is pushed by sexually-driven marketing campaigns: Lookin' out the limo window up at the billboards 200 miles, she was the only thing I saw Promotin' everything, from the liquor to the nicotine Cell phones, anti-histamines, chicken wings You gotta show a little skin to get them listening For real yo, the world is a sex machine In this example, the poet retells a personal experience in which he saw sex advertisements as “promotin’ everything.” And in order to “get them listening”, he claims, “you gotta show a little skin.” In “Get By”, Talib Kweli blames this sexual obsession on what we view on television: The TV got us reachin’ for stars Not the ones between Venus and Mars, The ones that be readin’ for parts Some people get breast enhancements and penis enlargers Here, the poet expresses his belief that television creates a misconception of what people should be sexually, and that contributes to the promiscuity that is being blamed on the hip-hop movement. Hip-hop artists have used their lyrics and poetry to influence the rejection and reconstruction of the gangster identity that plagues their social class. This is accomplished through the redefining of negative characteristics assigned by the majority class. In most cases, these redefinitions include pointing to the majority class as the real holders of these negative characteristics. The redefining of these “gangster-like” images through hip-hop lyrics helps to reconstruct the gangster identity by questioning “gangster-like” behaviors and which social class actually has these behaviors. So the question presented is: Who exactly are the gangsters? Works Cited / Discography 2 Pac. 2Pacalypse Now. Jive Records, 1991. Black Star. Mos Def & Talib Kweli are Black Star. Rawkus Records, 1998. Coates, Jennifer. Women, Men and Language. Longman Publishing, New York: 1993. Dr. Dre. The Chronic 2001. Interscope Records, 1999. Eminem. The Marshall Mathers LP. Interscope Records, 2000. Geto Boys. Uncut Dope LP. Interscope Records, 1999. Haugen, Jason. “‘Unladylike Divas’: Language, Gender and Female Gangster Rappers.” Popular Music and Society: December, 2003. Jay Z. The Black Album. Def Jam, 2003. Kanye West. College Dropout. Roc-A-Fella Records, 2004. Nas. I Am. Sony Records, 1999. Rakim. Don’t Sweat the Technique. MCA Records, 1992. Rawkus Records. Lyricist Lounge Volume 1. Priority Records, 1999. Slaughter, Peter. “Attack on Rap Music.” Barutiwa Weekly News. June 14, 1997. Talib Kweli & DJ Hi-Tek. Train of Thought. Rawkus Records, 2000. Talib Kweli. Quality. Rawkus Records, 2003. The Roots. Phrenology. MCA Records, 2002. Whaley, Angela. “Hip Hop is Not for Sale.” Colorado State University’s Talking Back: Volume 3, Issue 1. Xzibit. 40 Days and 40 Nights. Loud Records, 1998. penile enlargment fact manual penis enhancement exercise penis elargement surgery cost enlargement free penile pills sample penis elargement doctor vigrx penis pill truth about penis enargement pills manual pennis enlargement

guide to penis enhancement

Erectile Dysfunction is when a man cannot get an erection or cannot keep the erection long enough to finish having sex. You will also this condition referred to as impotency and it can happen anytime during a man’s life however it is more often seen in men over the age of 65. Many men believe that erectile dysfunction is just a part of growing older, but this is not necessary true. Yes, you may need a bit more stimulation in the way of stroking and touching, just a bit more foreplay than when you were younger. Age should not affect your ability to get an erection and enjoy sex. You may not be able to every day as you did with the mere thought of having sex, but sex should be an enjoyable part of your life no matter what your age. There are a few physical reasons that can cause erectile dysfunction which include fatigue, alcohol use, tobacco use, brain injuries, spinal cord injuries, hypogonadism, liver failure, kidney failure, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, radiation therapy to the testicles, prostate surgery, bladder surgery, and stroke. There are also a few medical problems associated with erectile dysfunction, which include diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. If you experience erectile dysfunction, you can talk with your doctor to ensure that none of the above problems are occurring which could be at the root of your problem. Erectile dysfunction can be as much an emotional or relationship problem as it is a physical problem. If you are nervous about having sex, feel stressed, worried about anything, depressed, self-conscious, and even if you feel that your partner is not acting positively toward you it is possible for you not to be able to get an erection. Just because you have been unable to get a hard-on does not mean that you will not get it up later. You may just need to relax, switch your mind to something else, receive more stimulation and try again. Treatment for erectile dysfunction can be as simple as performing regular penis exercises that you can find with penis enlargement program. Your doctor can also prescribe medication and if necessary recommend surgery. For the penis to perform properly it needs blood flow. Exercising your penis can aid in rock hard erections and the more you exercise the better your erections will become. If the erectile dysfunction is not caused from any medial or physical condition, then you should begin exercising and using your penis for sex more often. The old saying, use it or lose it, can also be one reason that your penis is not cooperating. Just use your common sense, if you use to be able to run a mile and now find that you can barely run a block without being worn out. Then think about your penis. At one time, your penis would have more than one erection per day and now you are telling him to wait and only allowing him to get hard once per month. Practice does make perfect. Get that penis back on track with exercise and sexual activity. penis enargement surgery photo herbal natural penis enlargement vig rx enhancement pennis enlargement patch compare penis enhancement pills pnis enlargement result pennis enlargement forum penis enlargement herb guide to penis enhancement

Every human being, whether male or female fantasised about some explicit sexual fantasies, probably daily. It is a natural instinct and there is nothing wrong about it. In fact it plays a vital role in enhancing one’s sexual life and gets our mood of having sex to our brain. But there is a saying that goes” excess of any thing is bad for health.” In some instances it has been proved that it grips human psychology so much that it hampers one’s sexual life drastically. Human mind is the most important erogenous zone and if someone having sexual inclination to someone rather than his or her partner, it leads to turmoil in their respective sexual life. Hence sexual fantasies can be also a problem for sexual dysfunction. Sources of sexual fantasies are many. Erotic photos and videos, fantasying about an intruder or someone next to your door or even about a person whom you have never seen or met can be some sources. And if these things go inside our brain while performing sexual act with our partner, we tend to loose or give full satisfaction. This may leads to certain sexual dysfunctions related to penile erection and premature ejaculation leaving your partner gaze at you with dissatisfaction. But thanks to Levitra, for this slowly crawling problem. Oflate it has become a challenge for sexual dysfunction. One pill a day is enough to eliminate all your sexual woes. Levitra is a FDA- approved oral prescription medicine especially for treating erectile dysfunction. The main ingredient in Levitra - Vardenafil hydrochloride belongs to a class of drugs called PDE inhibitors. Vardenafil content in Levitra helps the user suffering from erectile dysfunction achieve an erection satisfactory for sexual activity. Generic drugs are also available under the generic names of Vardenafil and Generic Levitra Levitra is said be functional within 25 minutes of intake and may work up to 24 hours. It increases the flow of blood to the penis and helps in achieving erection for sexual activity. Recent clinical trails reveal, Levitra to have treated erectile dysfunction in patients having related health factors like diabetes and prostrate surgery. So at a time when sexual fantasies remain a factor for sexual dysfunction, Levitra is boon to many. natural penile enlargement pills homemade pnis enlargement guide to penile enlargement penis enlarement excercises best penis elargement surgery vimax penis pillss in uk enlargement manhattan penile surgeon best enlarement exercise penis guide to penis enhancement

Before we get into discussing Cialis and other erectile dysfunction medications. Lets discuss what erectile dysfunction (ED) is. When a man can't get an erection to have sex or can't keep an erection long enough to finish having sex, it's called erectile dysfunction. Complete erectile dysfunction is known as impotence. Erectile dysfunction can occur at any age, but is more common in men age 65 and order. There are many way to treat erectile dysfunction. These treatments include Oral medications (ie. Viagra (Sildenafil), Cialis (Tadalafil), and Levitra (Vardenafil). As well as injection therapy, muse intra-urethral therapy, hormone replacement therapy, surgical implants, vacuum pump, vascular surgery, and psychological counseling. One of the most popular treatments available is oral medication. The big three available for treating erectile dysfunction are Viagra (Sildenafil), Cialis (Tadalafil) and Levitra (Vardenafil). The first to be approved by the FDA was Viagra, in 1998. Levitra and Cialis soon followed and were approved in 2003. Since their inception, millions of prescriptions have been written for these (ED) medications. Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis are chemically known as phosphodiesterase Type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors. These three medications perform in a similar fashion. They do not cause an immediate erection, but they due allow an erection to occur when there is sexual stimulation. This erection occurs when the chemical inhibitors block the chemical in the penis that normally causes an erection to subside. This increases the amount of blood to the penis, which causes the penis to become erect and stay erect. Viagra has shown to be an effective treatment for ED, with approximately 70% of Viagra patients reporting a positive response. Although Levitra and Cialis have only been on the market since 2003, they are also showing success rates like those of Viagra. While these medications have many of the same characteristics, they also have differences. The variables are dosage, duration of effectiveness and possible side effects. For example, Viagra and Levitra both start working after about 30 minutes. With Viagra, the effects last for about 4 hours. On the other hand, the effects of Levitra last for around 5 hours. Cialis is supposed to be the fastest acting of the three, with effects taking place within 15 minutes and lasting for up to 36 hours. Individuals who test all three medications often come to different conclusions about which drug works better for them. At the present there has been no study comparing these three medications. And since Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra work in the same way, it’s very probable that if you have failed with one, you will most likely fail with the other. Although Viagra, Levitra and Cialis have been beneficial for many men, some men should not use these drugs, due to interactions with other drug prescriptions and other health conditions. Men who have suffered a heart attack, stroke, or life-threatening heart rhythm in the last six months should not use these medications. As these drugs can cause dangerous reactions with other drugs, they should not be taken with nitrate medications, alpha-blocking medications, or with the drug Amyl nitrate. There are also possible side effects when using Viagra, Levitra, or Cialis, including rash, headaches, facial flushing, nasal congestion, painful erection, chest pain, indigestion and visual disturbances. Before taking any medication, always consult your physician about possible side effects and any possible health and drug interactions. plastic surgery penis elargement penile enlargment pic before and after does penis enlargment work penis elargement excercises pennis enlargement surgery picture penis elargement herb penile enlargment information compare penis enlagement pills guide to penis enhancement

Oh, the little soldier won't stand to attention. The little soldier does not want to play. Now I am not talking about a toy. I am talking about erection. The soldier is sometimes a little shy. As we grow older into adult men, many of us will experience erection difficulty at one time or another. And also for some of us men, this may be a on going problem. At this point, you should be seeking some kind of treatment. So how would you know if you have a problem with your little soldier? If you are just finding out that you are having difficulty in keeping or even having a erection, well then yeah, this is a strong indication here. These erection problems are known as erectile dysfunction or impotence. This is a man's inability to have satisfaction in erections for sexual intercourse. Also, the men who are experiencing this form of erection problem is commonly at the age of 60. And what I am telling you is that aging is a factor in erectile dysfunction. This is associated with the decrease in male hormones. What a man should do is start having physical examinations. This is the first step in the treatment process. This should be done so you can rule out injury, diseases, and disorders: Diabetes, high cholesterol, kidney disease, alcoholism, multiple sclerosis or even high blood pressure. Go to the doctor and check to see if any of these health problems are going on. The doctor will develop your history as a patient and then will discuss treatment with you. Some treatments like vacuum devices might be prescribe. Viagra, Levitra or Cialis may be prescribe to you as well. Now listen to me, don't even let it get this far. Intervene Now!! Take care of your prostate. Keeping the blood flowing regularly through your penis will produce better erections. The male erection. Very important to stay healthy. More resources and details on a mans health is available at my blog. Looking forward to blogging with you again soon.